Debian-based distributions
English edition published on .
A Debian-based distribution reuses some of the Debian project’s work, then makes its own software, configuration and maintenance choices. This relationship helps explain a family of systems; it is not enough to determine which one suits your computer.
This catalogue includes direct and indirect derivatives, including distributions based on Ubuntu. Being listed here does not guarantee ongoing maintenance: check the project’s website before downloading. Browse the Debian family profiles.
Debian, Ubuntu and their derivatives: distinguish the projects
Debian defines a derivative distribution as an independent project with its own identity, goals and audience. A common base can therefore lead to different desktops, installation tools and update schedules.
Ubuntu is a Debian derivative. Ubuntu-based distributions add another level of ancestry. For Linux Mint, distinguish the main Ubuntu-based editions from LMDE, which is based directly on Debian: our Linux Mint profile explains the difference. When seeking help, use documentation for your installed system; the Debian FAQ distinguishes Debian from its derivatives.
Stable, testing or unstable: where should you start?
These names refer to three Debian branches, not three desktop environments. The official releases page describes their current status:
- Stable: the published release Debian primarily recommends for everyday use. Its FAQ also recommends this starting point for new users.
- Testing: a branch preparing the next stable release, generally with newer software. Transitions between packages can require more attention.
- Unstable, also called Sid: the active development branch, intended for people prepared to follow changes and resolve potential problems.
“Stable” does not mean no updates. Debian may integrate a security fix into the software version already provided. Its security FAQ explains this approach and differences for testing and unstable. A derivative has its own policy, however: consult its schedule instead of automatically applying Debian’s.
Choose for your tasks, not just the base
For browsing, documents or games, start by checking essential applications. The desktop and supported peripherals also matter. Some derivatives serve specialised needs: Kali Linux targets penetration testing. Its developers do not recommend it as a general-purpose desktop for learning Linux.
Prepare a trial without skipping steps
- Identify the right image: check the supported release, CPU architecture and available desktops on your chosen project’s official website.
- Verify the download: follow the project’s instructions to check image integrity and provenance. Debian publishes its image-verification method.
- Try the hardware: official Debian live images let you boot a trial system and also include an installer. The page specifies available architectures and desktops. Test Wi-Fi, audio, suspend and peripherals using our checklist.
- Back up: keep independent copies of your documents and the USB drive’s contents before preparing it. Launching an installation is separate from a trial; check the selected disk before writing to it.
Information updated on , using the official documentation linked above.
